Cell Functions - AP Biology
Card 0 of 4298
During which subphase of interphase are chromosomes duplicated?
During which subphase of interphase are chromosomes duplicated?
Interphase consists of the G1 phase, the S phase, and the G2 phase. Only during the S phase (Synthesis) are the chromosomes (DNA) replicated.
Interphase consists of the G1 phase, the S phase, and the G2 phase. Only during the S phase (Synthesis) are the chromosomes (DNA) replicated.
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In which of the following cell cycle phases does DNA replication occur?
In which of the following cell cycle phases does DNA replication occur?
The "S" phase, known as the synthesis phase, is the portion of the cell cycle where DNA is replicated. The other stages listed do not contain DNA replication. G0 is a cell cycle arrest phase, where a cell remains dormant, awaiting signals to re-enter the cell cycle.
The "S" phase, known as the synthesis phase, is the portion of the cell cycle where DNA is replicated. The other stages listed do not contain DNA replication. G0 is a cell cycle arrest phase, where a cell remains dormant, awaiting signals to re-enter the cell cycle.
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Where does anaerobic respiration occur in a cell?
Where does anaerobic respiration occur in a cell?
In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate produced during glycolysis will be used for either lactic acid or alcoholic fermentation, producing lactic acid or ethanol (as waste products) and regenerating NAD+ to be used for another cycle of glycolysis. This fermentation occurs in the cytosol of the cell.
In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate produced during glycolysis will be used for either lactic acid or alcoholic fermentation, producing lactic acid or ethanol (as waste products) and regenerating NAD+ to be used for another cycle of glycolysis. This fermentation occurs in the cytosol of the cell.
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During pyruvate decarboxylation reaction, pyruvate is converted to compound, through a reaction called .
During pyruvate decarboxylation reaction, pyruvate is converted to compound, through a reaction called .
Pyruvate decarboxylation is an oxidative decarboxylation reaction, or an oxidation reaction where a carboxylate group is removed. This reaction converts pyruvate which was produced through glycolysis to acetyl CoA to be used in the Citric Acid Cycle.
Pyruvate decarboxylation is an oxidative decarboxylation reaction, or an oxidation reaction where a carboxylate group is removed. This reaction converts pyruvate which was produced through glycolysis to acetyl CoA to be used in the Citric Acid Cycle.
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Which enzyme complex catalyzes the pyruvate decarboxylation reaction?
Which enzyme complex catalyzes the pyruvate decarboxylation reaction?
The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is an enzyme complex that consists of 3 enzymes, which work together to catalyze the pyruvate decarboxylation reaction, where pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA.
The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is an enzyme complex that consists of 3 enzymes, which work together to catalyze the pyruvate decarboxylation reaction, where pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA.
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Where does the pyruvate decarboxylation reaction occur?
Where does the pyruvate decarboxylation reaction occur?
Pyruvate decarboxylation occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. The acetyl CoA produced from the pyruvate decarboxylation reaction will undergo the Citric Acid cycle also in the mitochondrial matrix.
Pyruvate decarboxylation occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. The acetyl CoA produced from the pyruvate decarboxylation reaction will undergo the Citric Acid cycle also in the mitochondrial matrix.
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For each glucose molecule that undergoes glycolysis, how many acetyl CoA molecules are produced at the end of pyruvate decarboxylation?
For each glucose molecule that undergoes glycolysis, how many acetyl CoA molecules are produced at the end of pyruvate decarboxylation?
During glycolysis, for each molecule of glucose, two molecules of pyruvate are produced ( glucose+ NAD+ + 2 ADP + 2Pi-> 2 pyruvate+ 2 ATP + 2NADH+. These 2 molecules of pyruvate then undergo the pyruvate decarboxylation reaction: 2(pyruvate+ CoA-SH+ NAD+ -> NADH+ CO2+ acetyl CoA).
During glycolysis, for each molecule of glucose, two molecules of pyruvate are produced ( glucose+ NAD+ + 2 ADP + 2Pi-> 2 pyruvate+ 2 ATP + 2NADH+. These 2 molecules of pyruvate then undergo the pyruvate decarboxylation reaction: 2(pyruvate+ CoA-SH+ NAD+ -> NADH+ CO2+ acetyl CoA).
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Which is not a product of pyruvate decarboxylation reaction?
Which is not a product of pyruvate decarboxylation reaction?
The pyruvate decarboxylation reaction is pyruvate+ CoA-SH+ NAD+ -> NADH+ CO2+ acetyl CoA.
The pyruvate decarboxylation reaction is pyruvate+ CoA-SH+ NAD+ -> NADH+ CO2+ acetyl CoA.
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During the pyruvate decarboxylation reaction, acetyl CoA is produced through which type of bond linking an acetyl group to coenzyme A?
During the pyruvate decarboxylation reaction, acetyl CoA is produced through which type of bond linking an acetyl group to coenzyme A?
During the pyruvate decarboxylation reaction 
, a thioester bond links the acetyl group of pyruvate with coenzyme A to produce acetyl CoA.
During the pyruvate decarboxylation reaction 
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Where does glycolysis take place in the cell?
Where does glycolysis take place in the cell?
Glycolysis happens in the cytosol (the fluid containing the organelles) of the cell. The next step in cellular respiration, the citric acid cycle, occurs in the mitochondria.
Glycolysis happens in the cytosol (the fluid containing the organelles) of the cell. The next step in cellular respiration, the citric acid cycle, occurs in the mitochondria.
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Which of the following is not a product of glycolysis?
Which of the following is not a product of glycolysis?
NAD+ is required as an oxidizing agent (accepting electrons from other molecules) during glycolysis. As it accepts electrons, it becomes NADH, a byproduct of glycolysis. NADH can be reverted back to NAD+ to continue glycolysis through the process of fermentation, but is usually used to donate the added electron to the electron transport chain later in the cell metabolism process. The electron is used to power the protein pumps that create the proton gradient that powers ATP synthase.
NAD+ is required as an oxidizing agent (accepting electrons from other molecules) during glycolysis. As it accepts electrons, it becomes NADH, a byproduct of glycolysis. NADH can be reverted back to NAD+ to continue glycolysis through the process of fermentation, but is usually used to donate the added electron to the electron transport chain later in the cell metabolism process. The electron is used to power the protein pumps that create the proton gradient that powers ATP synthase.
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Which of the following processes in eukaryotic cellular respiration can occur in an anaerobic environment?
Which of the following processes in eukaryotic cellular respiration can occur in an anaerobic environment?
Glycolysis is the first step of cellular respiration and, in the process of splitting glucose into two pyruvate molecules, does not require oxygen.
Pyruvate decarboxylation, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation are all steps in aerobic respiration, and thus require the presence of oxygen.
Glycolysis is the first step of cellular respiration and, in the process of splitting glucose into two pyruvate molecules, does not require oxygen.
Pyruvate decarboxylation, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation are all steps in aerobic respiration, and thus require the presence of oxygen.
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Which of the following reflects a function of fermentation?
Which of the following reflects a function of fermentation?
Fermentation oxidizes molecules of NADH to NAD+ so the cell can have oxidizing agents for any subsequent glycolysis reactions. It does not, however, produce any usable energy in the process.
Fermentation leads to the production of ethanol in yeast cells and lactic acid in muscle cells.
Fermentation oxidizes molecules of NADH to NAD+ so the cell can have oxidizing agents for any subsequent glycolysis reactions. It does not, however, produce any usable energy in the process.
Fermentation leads to the production of ethanol in yeast cells and lactic acid in muscle cells.
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Where in the cell does glycolysis take place?
Where in the cell does glycolysis take place?
Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol of cells. Once finished, the two pyruvate products are transported into the mitochondria to go through the citric acid cycle, at a cost of 1 ATP per pyruvate. Neither the nucleus, nor the endoplasmic reticulum have any function in glycolysis or the citric acid cycle.
Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol of cells. Once finished, the two pyruvate products are transported into the mitochondria to go through the citric acid cycle, at a cost of 1 ATP per pyruvate. Neither the nucleus, nor the endoplasmic reticulum have any function in glycolysis or the citric acid cycle.
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How many direct ATP are made if fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is put through glycolysis?
How many direct ATP are made if fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is put through glycolysis?
The conversion of glucose to two pyruvate molecules in glycolysis produces a net total of two direct ATP. When fructose-1,6-bisphosphate enters glycolysis, it bypasses the two steps involved that normally cost one ATP each, therefore, there is no required input and the net total is four produced ATP.
We have to remember that each step beyond the conversion of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate happens twice, or we would come up with two ATP created.
The conversion of glucose to two pyruvate molecules in glycolysis produces a net total of two direct ATP. When fructose-1,6-bisphosphate enters glycolysis, it bypasses the two steps involved that normally cost one ATP each, therefore, there is no required input and the net total is four produced ATP.
We have to remember that each step beyond the conversion of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate happens twice, or we would come up with two ATP created.
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Which of the following products is not created during glycolysis?
Which of the following products is not created during glycolysis?
Glycolysis is the first step in cellular respiration, and is seen in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. The products of glycolysis are pyruvate, NADH, ATP, and water. Oxygen is only a product of the light reactions of photosynthesis; it is consumed as a reactant in the electron transport chain.
Glycolysis is the first step in cellular respiration, and is seen in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. The products of glycolysis are pyruvate, NADH, ATP, and water. Oxygen is only a product of the light reactions of photosynthesis; it is consumed as a reactant in the electron transport chain.
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Of the following enzymes, which is activated via phosphorylation?
Of the following enzymes, which is activated via phosphorylation?
Fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase is an enzyme that is responsible for regulating glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. When serine-32 is phosphorylated on fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase, glycolysis is stimulated and gluconeogenesis is inhibited.
Fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase is an enzyme that is responsible for regulating glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. When serine-32 is phosphorylated on fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase, glycolysis is stimulated and gluconeogenesis is inhibited.
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What are the net products of glycolysis?
What are the net products of glycolysis?
Glycolysis produces two molecules of pyruvate and two molecules of NADH. The cell technically produces four molecules of ATP during glycolysis; however, it uses two molecules to initiate the process. The net production of ATP is only two. FADH2 is produced in the Krebs cycle.
Glycolysis produces two molecules of pyruvate and two molecules of NADH. The cell technically produces four molecules of ATP during glycolysis; however, it uses two molecules to initiate the process. The net production of ATP is only two. FADH2 is produced in the Krebs cycle.
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In cell respiration, glucose is converted to pyruvate in which of the following metabolic pathways?
In cell respiration, glucose is converted to pyruvate in which of the following metabolic pathways?
The correct answer to this question is glycolysis.
We can know this if we remember that glycolysis is a ten step anaerobic, not aerobic pathway that uses the 6 carbon sugar known as glucose and converts it to 2 pyruvate molecules. All of the other answers do not use glucose and convert it to pyruvate.
The correct answer to this question is glycolysis.
We can know this if we remember that glycolysis is a ten step anaerobic, not aerobic pathway that uses the 6 carbon sugar known as glucose and converts it to 2 pyruvate molecules. All of the other answers do not use glucose and convert it to pyruvate.
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Which of the following are not produced during the reactions of glycolysis?
Which of the following are not produced during the reactions of glycolysis?
The correct answer to this question is carbon dioxide.
Carbon dioxide is not produced during glycolysis. Remember in glycolysis one glucose molecule yields 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH. Heat is also given off in form of energy as we went over before. Carbon dioxide is involved in other processes.
The correct answer to this question is carbon dioxide.
Carbon dioxide is not produced during glycolysis. Remember in glycolysis one glucose molecule yields 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH. Heat is also given off in form of energy as we went over before. Carbon dioxide is involved in other processes.
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