Plant Biology - AP Biology

A stack of thylakoids is known as granum. Stroma is the region outside the thylakoid membranes, but still inside the chloroplast. Mitochondria is the organelle that produces ATP, and there is no such organelle called thylakoidum.

Carbon fixation, catalyzed by Rubisco, occurs during the first step of the light independent reaction.

Carbon fixation, catalyzed by Rubisco, occurs during the first step of the light independent reaction.

ATP and NADPH are produced during the light dependent reaction, and are reactants necessary for the light independent reaction (Calvin Cycle) to occur. During the light independent reaction, ATP and NADPH are used to convert phosphoglycerate molecules (PGA) to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate molecules (G3P). G3P is then used to produce glucose.

Chloroplasts are the organelles that contains chlorophyll. Mitochondria produce ATP and are not directly involved in capturing light and photosynthesis. The Golgi apparatus is involved in packaging substances, and Smooth endoplasmic reticulum are involved in lipid production.

A stack of thylakoids is known as granum. Stroma is the region outside the thylakoid membranes, but still inside the chloroplast. Mitochondria is the organelle that produces ATP, and there is no such organelle called thylakoidum.

Stomata are the pores on the leaves that allow for carbon dioxide to enter and oxygen to leave the leaf. Stroma, thylakoids, and chlorophyll are all components of the chloroplasts.

The vascular cambium is a type of secondary meristem tissue located between the xylem and phloem of the stems and roots. Secondary meristem tissues are responsible for lateral growth; more specifically, the vascular cambium is responsible for secondary xylem and phloem development.

The cork cambium is a type of secondary meristem tissue found in the periderm. Cork cambium controls lateral growth; specifically, it is the source of secondary epidermis growth.

Cutting into the trunk of a tree to create a horizontal cross section reveals rings, called annual growth rings. These rings show new vascular cambium growth over the course of a year. Differences in growth speed change the size of the growth rings.

The receptacle is the part of an angiosperm out of which the flower grows; thus, the receptacle is at the top of the stem.

The carpel is a part of the female angiosperm reproductive system. The carpel includes the ovary, ovules, style, and stigma. Flowers may have several carpels clustered into a pistil.

Stamens are a part of the male reproductive system in angiosperms. Stamens have a filament and an anther, which is attached to the top of the filament. Anthers produce pollen through the process of meiosis.

The sepal is a protective structure in angiosperms. When the flower is still in the bud, the sepal offers protection and later supports the bloom.

Carbon fixation converts inorganic carbon dioxide into organic carbon compounds, such as glucose and cellulose. This is a characteristic function of both C3 and C4, and is a primary purpose of light independent reactions.

Closed stomata during the day is a characteristic of CAM plants, which allows for the conservation of water that is usually lost during photorespiration.

Bundle-sheath cells are a characteristic of C4 plants. The presence of bundle-sheath cells isolates rubisco, preventing rubisco from binding to oxygen during photorespiration.

Plants have a multicellular haploid stage called the gametophyte. Gametophytes () produce gametes () through mitosis, which combine to produce a zygote (). The zygote grows into a multicellular, diploid sporophyte (), which produces spores () through meiosis. Those spores give rise to multicellular gametophytes.

The chloroplast is believed to have evolved from photosynthetic bacteria that formed a mutualistic symbiotic relationship with an ancestor of plants through endosymbiosis. There is lots of evidence supporting the endosymbiotic theory, which is based on the principle of one organism phagocytosing another, resulting in mutualism.

Biotic pollinators, such as bees and hummingbirds, share a mutualistic relationship with angiosperms. This leads to co-evolution, in which the selective pressure of one species impacts the genetic composition of another. In this case, the preferences of the pollinators impact the reproductive success of specific angiosperms.

Cell walls were present in plant cells before the transition to land. Seeds, stomata, waxy cuticles, and vascular transport all evolved to reduce water loss and circulate water to all areas of the plant. Water loss and circulation were not an issue before the transition to land; plants were forced to adapt these traits in order to survive in a terrestrial environment.