War and Civil Conflict 1750 to 1900 - AP World History: Modern

San Martin was the Simon Bolivar of the Southern half of South America. He was the leader that brought Argentina, Chile, and Peru to independence. He led the land campaign in Peru from 1820-23. He successfully liberated Peru from the Spanish in 1823. Peru was the last of the Spanish possessions in South America to fall to the revolutionaries.

Morelos was a Catholic Priest before the revolution. Once the revolution started he joined as a soldier and rose through the ranks. He became leader of the revolution in 1811 when the former leader was executed by the Spanish.

After the Bastille was stormed the lack of a true government led to what was called the Reign of Terror, where political conflict between competing groups caused massive bloodshed. "Sans Culottes" was a slang term for lower-class individuals who joined the radical cause as active, militant members. The "Women’s March" otherwise known as the October March occurred several months after the storming of the Bastille (in October 1789). The "Great Fear" refers to a general panic and rural unrest that occurred in the early days of the French Revolution.

The French Revolution did, temporarily, remove the Kings of France from power, but absolutism remained the predominant government in Europe. In reaction to the French Revolution these absolutist governments often declared martial law to keep revolutionaries in line. The new French Government also heavily pushed enlightenment ideal upon the nation and encouraged extreme nationalism.

In 1789 the women of Paris began a march to Versailles to complain about the poverty and lack of food that ravaged the city. It became a mob by the time they reached Versailles and they arrested Louis XVI.

While not an official slogan the slogan most commonly associated with the purpose behind the American Revolution is no taxation without representation. This highlights the Colonists desire to not be taxed without an elected official representing their interests in Parliament.

In retaliation to the British changing laws to make the American Colonists buy a higher percentage of their goods from Britain by restricting foreign ships from colonial ports, the Sons of Liberty staged the Boston Tea Party. The Seven Years’ War was a European conflict that took place from 1754-1763; the major combatants were France and Britain. The Battle of Waterloo was a major battle that occurred in 1815.

The American Revolution (1775-1783) officially ended with the agreement of the Treaty of Paris in 1783.

The Seven Years War, sometimes known as the French and Indian War, was a massive conflict between nearly all the major powers in Europe for supremacy. In North America, however, the conflict pitted the British and their colonists against the French and their colonists over the St. Lawrence and Ohio River Valleys. The scale of this conflict as well as the length of time it went on for severely depleted the British reserves causing them to raise taxes.

The long and costly war meant the British treasury was severely depleted by wars end. This meant that the British needed to raise taxes, and, since most of the expense of the war was spent sending troops and supplies to defend their various colonies, the British felt that the colonies should bear the brunt of the taxes. The colonists disagreed and felt that the taxes should be shared by all British citizens.

The British made quite a large gain in terms of territory in the wake of the Seven Years War. They gained all of New France, which was the entirety of the St. Lawrence River Valley, as well as all the land east of the Mississippi and north of Florida that they did not already possess.

While most Latin American Countries did not launch battles for independence until the late 19th/early 20th centuries, the Haitian Revolution was fought in the late 1700s, ending in 1804.

When Napoleon was defeated at the end of the War of the Sixth Coalition he was taken prisoner by the allied powers. It was determined that he should be sent into exile where he could no longer rule over France. They decided, however, that he should not be punished too severely, and as such he was placed in a state of house arrest on the Island of Elba, just off the coast of Tuscany. While there, in order to keep him busy they made him the de-facto governor of the island.

In accordance with the treaty that ended the War of the Sixth Coalition, Napoleon was sent to the small island of Elba. In hopes of keeping him occupied on the island, Napoleon was allowed to keep the title of Emperor despite his abdication from the throne of France, and he was installed as the sovereign of the island. While there he ruled over the island, creating a small army and navy, updated farms, and started iron mines.

While all of these are treaties that ended various Wars involving Napoleon, the Treaty of Fontainebleau is the one to end the War of the Sixth Coalition. This treaty sent Napoleon into exile for the first time off the coast of Italy. He would return to France and attempt to restart the French Empire. This is what the British feared at the time of the treaties writing, and they wanted him exiled to an island much farther away. They wouldn't make the same mistake twice.

While Napoleon and his armies never set foot in Ireland, Ireland was not a country at the time, but part of the U.K. therefore it does not count. Portugal was invaded unsuccessfully by the French in an attempt to force them to partake in the continental system. The correct answer is Sweden and the U.K. The U.K. was protected by is position as an island and its strong navy, and Sweden was of little strategic value to France, and therefore Napoleon left his ally, Denmark to fight the Swedes during the various wars of the time.

The Latin American Wars of Independence took place from 1809-1825. Within those short 16 years Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, Paraguay, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Venezuela, Colombia, and Mexico would all gain their independence. Many of these nations would fight together against the colonial powers to gain their independence only to split apart later.

The Latin American Wars of Independence were caused by many things. However, one of them was not atrocities committed by the Spanish military. At the time of the wars beginning the bulk of the Spanish military was occupied back in Spain attempting to fight against the Invasion of Spain by Napoleon's France. The people in the colonies, who were mostly of mixed racial ancestry, had grown tired of rule by the Spanish and Portuguese, their military governors, and saw an opportunity to seize their independence while the Spanish and Portuguese armies were preoccupied.

José María Morelos was a Mexican revolutionary that launched the Mexican Revolution in 1810. He did not survive the Revolution as he was captured and put to death by the Spanish. However, by the time of his capture in 1818 Mexico had become to involved in the revolution for the Spanish to recover. Mexico gained independence in 1821.