RNA Structure - Biology

Although RNA and DNA have some key differences that result in different functions, they also have some key similarities. Both are composed of nucleotide monomers linked together by phosphodiester bonds. They are also both read in the 5'-3' direction. It is important to know that the backbone of both DNA and RNA is made by phosphodiester bonds, but it is hydrogen bonds that bind two strands to DNA together to form the double-helix.

DNA and RNA both use adenine, cytosine, and guanine, but only DNA uses thymine and only RNA uses uracil. Only DNA is double-stranded; RNA is single-stranded. Deoxyribose, in DNA, is deoxygenated at the 2' carbon, but ribose in RNA is oxygenated.

DNA uses four nitrogenous bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine. Adenine residues bond to thymine residues, and cytosine binds to guanine.

During transcription, DNA is used as a template to generate mRNA. During this process, bases are matched to the DNA template and used to build a single strand of RNA. In RNA, there are also four nitrogenous bases: adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil. Thymine is not found in RNA.

DNA sequences contain the following nucleotides: adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G). Guanine and cytosine bases pair together, while adenine and thymine bases pair together. In RNA, thymine is replaced by uracil (U).

cDNA (and all DNA) sequences contain thymine (T) rather than uracil (U), which will form base pairs with adenine. Additionally, complementary DNA contains the "complement" of each RNA nucleotide. The resultant DNA will be oriented anti-parallel to the template RNA, and use complementary pairs of adenine-to-thymine and cytosine-to-guanine.

RNA: 3'-AUCGGAUGCACA-5'

DNA: 5'-TAGCCTACGTGT-3'

RNA goes through modifications known as "post-transcriptional modification" before it becomes a mature mRNA molecule. By the time that it is mature, it is allowed to leave the nucleus to interact with the ribosomes for translation. Ribosomes are free-floating in the cytoplasm of a cell and also on the rough endoplasmic reticulum. These are the targets of the mature mRNA.

The nucleus contains heteronuclear RNA (htRNA) before it becomes mature mRNA. The nucleolus accepts rRNA and helps form ribosomes subunits.

RNA differs from DNA in that it contains a ribose instead of deoxyribose, uses uracil instead of thymine, and is not only found in the nucleus like DNA. In eukaryotes, RNA is transcribed in the nucleus, then it is exported into the cytoplasm where it binds to ribosomes during translation. RNA is indeed predominantly single-stranded.

RNA is different than DNA in that it 1) is single stranded (DNA is double stranded), 2) contains uracil (DNA contains thymine instead), and 3) contains a ribose sugar (DNA contains a deoxyribose sugar). And since both DNA and RNA are made up of nucleotides, they will both contain phosphates.

RNA is composed of the sugar ribose and contains the nitrogenous bases C, G, U, and A. RNA is single stranded and is essential for gene expression, transcription and translation of proteins. RNA is synthesized by DNA; only DNA contains hereditary information.

DNA is made up of Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine. RNA has these same bases, except in RNA, there is no Thymine. Instead, Uracil is found.

Thymine is exclusively present in DNA. Uracil replaces thymine in RNA; thus, RNA contains the following four nitrogenous bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil.

RNA’s nucleotide components consist of a phosphate group, ribose, and nitrogenous bases. RNA’s nitrogenous bases include the purines adenine and guanine, and the pyrimidines cytosine and uracil. Thymine is a pyrimidine found exclusively in DNA.

The full names of the sugars used in nucleic acid structures are ribose (for RNA) and deoxyribose (for DNA). Both sugars have five carbon atoms arranged in a ring. In ribose, the carbon in the 2' position is bound to a hydroxyl group (-OH). In deoxyribose, however, the 2' carbon is bound to a simple hydrogen atom.

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) have backbones that are identical, except that the five-carbon sugar in RNA (ribose) has one oxygen that the sugar in DNA (deoxyribose) lacks.

Hydrogen bonding is no different between the two molecules, and primarily serves to bind nitrogenous bases rather than regions of the backbone.

Peptide bonds are not formed in DNA or RNA. Rather, these bonds are used to connect the amino acid monomers in a protein molecule.

Uracil is found in RNA and not in DNA, but does not impact the backbone.

Phosphodiester bonds are used to bind adjacent nucleotides together in both DNA and RNA.

Although RNA and DNA have some key differences that result in different functions, they also have some key similarities. Both are composed of nucleotide monomers linked together by phosphodiester bonds. They are also both read in the 5'-3' direction. It is important to know that the backbone of both DNA and RNA is made by phosphodiester bonds, but it is hydrogen bonds that bind two strands to DNA together to form the double-helix.

DNA and RNA both use adenine, cytosine, and guanine, but only DNA uses thymine and only RNA uses uracil. Only DNA is double-stranded; RNA is single-stranded. Deoxyribose, in DNA, is deoxygenated at the 2' carbon, but ribose in RNA is oxygenated.

DNA uses four nitrogenous bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine. Adenine residues bond to thymine residues, and cytosine binds to guanine.

During transcription, DNA is used as a template to generate mRNA. During this process, bases are matched to the DNA template and used to build a single strand of RNA. In RNA, there are also four nitrogenous bases: adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil. Thymine is not found in RNA.

DNA sequences contain the following nucleotides: adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G). Guanine and cytosine bases pair together, while adenine and thymine bases pair together. In RNA, thymine is replaced by uracil (U).

cDNA (and all DNA) sequences contain thymine (T) rather than uracil (U), which will form base pairs with adenine. Additionally, complementary DNA contains the "complement" of each RNA nucleotide. The resultant DNA will be oriented anti-parallel to the template RNA, and use complementary pairs of adenine-to-thymine and cytosine-to-guanine.

RNA: 3'-AUCGGAUGCACA-5'

DNA: 5'-TAGCCTACGTGT-3'

RNA goes through modifications known as "post-transcriptional modification" before it becomes a mature mRNA molecule. By the time that it is mature, it is allowed to leave the nucleus to interact with the ribosomes for translation. Ribosomes are free-floating in the cytoplasm of a cell and also on the rough endoplasmic reticulum. These are the targets of the mature mRNA.

The nucleus contains heteronuclear RNA (htRNA) before it becomes mature mRNA. The nucleolus accepts rRNA and helps form ribosomes subunits.

Each type of RNA is designed to complete a different function in the cell. Messenger RNA (mRNA) has a linear structure and provides the codon template for translation. Transfer RNA (tRNA) has a hairpin loop structure and carries amino acid residues to ribosomes for elongation of the polypeptide created from translation. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) has a globular structure and forms an integral component of the ribosome subunits.

Despite their differences, all RNA molecules have the same backbone structure, which contains ribose sugars and phosphate groups, and the same nitrogenous bases: adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil.