Performing Arts - CLEP Humanities

Sydney Pollack (1934-2008) won 2 Academy Awards for Best Director and Best Picture in 1986 for Out of Africa. He was nominated an additional 3 times for Best Picture for Tootsie (1983), Michael Clayton (2008) and The Reader (2009); and 2 additional times for Best Director for They Shoot Horses, Don't They? (1970) and Tootsie (1983). He also acted and produced. Although he did not direct Cold Mountain, (Anthony Minghella directed this movie), he was the producer.

Empire of the Sun (1987) was critically acclaimed, earning 6 Academy Award nominations. Stephen Spielberg directed an outstanding cast including John Malkovich, Miranda Richardson, Ben Stiller and 12-year-old Christian Bale. Bale plays the role of Jamie Graham, a young British boy living in Shanghai when the Japanese attack Pearl Harbor. He is separated from his parents and lives on the streets until he is able to surrender to the Japanese and placed in a prisoner of war camp.

The Last Emperor (1987) was directed by Bernarndo Bertolucci and tells the story of Puyi, the last emperor of China.

Cry Freedom (1987), directed by Sir Richard Attenborough, starred Denzel Washington and Kevin Kline. The movie is set in 1970's South Africa during apartheid.

Elaine May directed the comedy _Ish_tar (1987), starring Dustin Hoffman.

Orphans (1987) was directed by Alan J. Pakula and starred Albert Finney. Set in Philadelphia, the plot revolves around two orphaned brothers trying to survive.

Although it may seem as if Stephen Spielberg has directed (or at least been involved with) every major blockbuster movie series in the last 50 years, Star Wars is a notable exception. George Lucas wrote, directed and produced the original Star Wars movie in 1977. Lucas and Spielberg teamed up to create Indiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Ark in 1981, but Spielberg actually directed the movie.

First developed in the Soviet Union in the 1920s, the montage originally referred simply to the instant cut between two different shots to show their relationship. Eventually, the term was broadened to refer to a compilation of short scenes that are edited together quickly to collapse time.

A "tracking shot" gets its name from the track set up to move the camera, attached to a dolly, throughout a set. This allows the camera to follow a character or an object across a scene, or between multiple locations. Tracking shots are used to move between locations in films.

"Film noir" was an appellation given to certain Hollywood films of the 1940s and 50s by French critics at the time, only being used in America by critics decades laters. Called "melodramas" in their own publicity, these films grew out of hardboiled detective fiction, and featured an element of mystery, a detective character, criminal elements, and, usually, a femme fatale as the lead female character. The films were usually quite small, with storylines that took place in one city over a few days or weeks.

A "voiceover" generally refers to the spoken part in a film that is not said by a character on screen or a by any character seen in the film. Usually, voiceover is used as a form of narration, to explain or comment on the action of the film in a way the characters cannot. Voiceover is commonly found in documentaries as a way to tie the film's story together in absence of a traditional narrative.

A film reel is actually a series of photographs, called frames, with the time between them being much less than one second. A typical frame rate for a film is 24 frames per second, a rate which makes the many different images appear to the human eye as one continuous, moving image. A typical human eye can process 10 separate images per second, and a frame rate must exceed this by enough to look like a constant shot of action.

Alfred Hitchcock frequently featured characters pursuing a simple goal or object relentlessly in his films. However, what they were after was usually not important in the film's larger story by the time the film reached its conclusion. Hitchcock called such a device the "MacGuffin," a term he invented as well as helped to popularize.

A "wipe" transition occurs when a visible line moves across the screen to provide the cut between two different scenes. A director can have a number of reasons for using a wipe to edit a film. In particular, it creates movement inside of a shot, and can show the continuity or a contrast between two scenes.

After moving picture film was possible, the film still had to be shot in black and white. Fairly early on in movie history, many different companies tried to create a color film process. While many were made, by far the most successful, to the point of being a near monopoly from the 1920s to the 1950s, was the Technicolor process used by the company of the same name.

A cinematographer on a film shoot can be thought of as the head camera operator. On a large film, this means the cinematographer is in charge of placing all cameras, setting lighting appropriately, and physically filming the scenes. A cinematographer is as key to the look of a film as anyone else involved in the filmaking process.

Alvin Ailey was significant in the history of dance as being one of the first prominent African-American choreographers to lead his own dance company. Ailey significantly contributed to dance by fusing the then-current forms of Modern dance in the 1950s with African-American vernacular dancing. The Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater gained the nickname "The Cultural Ambassador to the World."

Merce Cunningham followed in the footsteps of pioneering modern dance choreographers like Martha Graham and Isadora Duncan, pushing the boundaries of movement and form. One of his particular contributions was by constantly producing work by collaborating with various other artists. His most famous and long lasting partnership was with the avant-garde composer John Cage.

Beginning her career in the late nineteenth century, Isadora Duncan restructured her dancing to focus on fluid movement, improvisation, and natural poses. This new form of dance proved divisive, but highly influential, leading directly to what became termed "modern dance."

Modern dance arose in the early part of the twentieth century as a reaction against ballet's dominance as the main form of concert dance. Pioneers like Isadora Duncan and Martha Graham sought to free dance from restrictive movements, ties to narrative structure, and various kinds of formalism. Modern dance also synthesized many forms of dance into creating new kinds of movement not seen before.

A "pointe shoe" is a shoe that allows a dancer to stand directly on his or her toe, to create a light silhouette and perform various maneuvers. These are necessities in ballet, which desires its dancers to move seemingly effortlessly and beautifully. The "pointe shoe" and dancing "on pointe" is one of the features that distinguish ballet from other styles of dance.

Alignment describes harmonious, unbroken lines with arms and legs. Arabesque refers to standing on one leg and extending the other leg and both arms away from the body. A pas de deux involves dance sequences with two dancers. Spiral refers to a twisting movement, but does not mean that is it done on one leg; it is also not a French term.

Johann Sebastian Bach was the most significant and well-known composer of the Baroque Era, which stretched from 1600 to 1750. Bach's signature elements—strong counterpoint, involved harmonies, and complex melodies—were extremely typical of Baroque music in general.