Biology - MCAT Biological and Biochemical Foundations of Living Systems
Card 1 of 11296
Which of the following organelles is not bound by a membrane?
Which of the following organelles is not bound by a membrane?
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Ribosomes are not membrane-bound organelles. All of the other organelles are membrane-bound, and are thus only found in eukaryotes. Ribosomes, which are the site of protein synthesis, are found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Ribosomes are not membrane-bound organelles. All of the other organelles are membrane-bound, and are thus only found in eukaryotes. Ribosomes, which are the site of protein synthesis, are found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
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What should a scientist look for if he is trying to determine whether a certain organism is a bacteria rather than a virus?
What should a scientist look for if he is trying to determine whether a certain organism is a bacteria rather than a virus?
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Bacteria can be killed by antibiotics, whereas viruses cannot.
Both bacteria and viruses have genetic material, can cause disease, and are smaller than eukaryotic cells. Neither of them has a nucleus.
Bacteria can be killed by antibiotics, whereas viruses cannot.
Both bacteria and viruses have genetic material, can cause disease, and are smaller than eukaryotic cells. Neither of them has a nucleus.
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Which recombinant process depends on a F factor plasmid?
Which recombinant process depends on a F factor plasmid?
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Beginning the process of conjugation requires the trait encoded by the F (fertility) plasmid. Transformation is the uptake of naked DNA, transduction is the transfer of genetic material via a virus, and translocation is the movement of a ribosome during protein translation.
Beginning the process of conjugation requires the trait encoded by the F (fertility) plasmid. Transformation is the uptake of naked DNA, transduction is the transfer of genetic material via a virus, and translocation is the movement of a ribosome during protein translation.
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Which of the following is false regarding plasmids?
Which of the following is false regarding plasmids?
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Plasmids are circular, double-stranded DNA molecules found outside the nucleoid (extrachomosomal DNA). They can serve a variety of functions and code for traits that may vary within a single species, since different individuals may carry different plasmids.
Most notable are the plasmids related to antibiotic resistance and plasmids required for formation of the sex pilus in conjugation. Recall that antibiotic resistance is the ability of a bacterial cell to survive in the presence of antibiotics. This ability is facilitated by antibiotic resistant proteins that are coded by certain genes found on the plasmid of a bacterial cell.
Plasmids are circular, double-stranded DNA molecules found outside the nucleoid (extrachomosomal DNA). They can serve a variety of functions and code for traits that may vary within a single species, since different individuals may carry different plasmids.
Most notable are the plasmids related to antibiotic resistance and plasmids required for formation of the sex pilus in conjugation. Recall that antibiotic resistance is the ability of a bacterial cell to survive in the presence of antibiotics. This ability is facilitated by antibiotic resistant proteins that are coded by certain genes found on the plasmid of a bacterial cell.
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What component is common for all viruses?
What component is common for all viruses?
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All viruses contain a protein coat (or capsule) that protects the genetic material (which can be either DNA or RNA). In some instances (such as herpes simplex), the virus can also contain an lipid envelope that serves as a membrane.
All viruses contain a protein coat (or capsule) that protects the genetic material (which can be either DNA or RNA). In some instances (such as herpes simplex), the virus can also contain an lipid envelope that serves as a membrane.
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Viral genomic material can be comprised of which types of nucleic acids?
I. Single-stranded DNA
II. Double-stranded DNA
III. Single-stranded RNA
IV. Double-stranded RNA
Viral genomic material can be comprised of which types of nucleic acids?
I. Single-stranded DNA
II. Double-stranded DNA
III. Single-stranded RNA
IV. Double-stranded RNA
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Different classes of viruses store genetic material in different forms.
Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) viruses, single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) viruses, double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses, and single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) viruses are all large classes of viral classification. Retroviruses can be classified as ssRNA viruses, but are often left in their own category.
Different classes of viruses store genetic material in different forms.
Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) viruses, single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) viruses, double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses, and single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) viruses are all large classes of viral classification. Retroviruses can be classified as ssRNA viruses, but are often left in their own category.
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Tendons connect which two structures?
Tendons connect which two structures?
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Tendons connect muscles to bones, allowing for the muscle contraction to affect the bone and result in articulation. Tendons are essential to provide articulation and leverage points to for motion and locomotion.
Tendons connect muscles to bones, allowing for the muscle contraction to affect the bone and result in articulation. Tendons are essential to provide articulation and leverage points to for motion and locomotion.
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Hemoglobin is the principal oxygen-carrying protein in humans. It exists within erythrocytes, and binds up to four diatomic oxygen molecules simultaneously. Hemoglobin functions to maximize oxygen delivery to tissues, while simultaneously maximizing oxygen absorption in the lungs. Hemoglobin thus has a fundamentally contradictory set of goals. It must at once be opitimized to absorb oxygen, and to offload oxygen. Natural selection has overcome this apparent contradiction by making hemoglobin exquisitely sensitive to conditions in its microenvironment.
One way in which hemoglobin accomplishes its goals is through the phenomenon of cooperativity. Cooperativity refers to the ability of hemoglobin to change its oxygen binding behavior as a function of how many other oxygen atoms are bound to the molecule.
Fetal hemoglobin shows a similar pattern of cooperativity, but has unique binding characteristics relative to adult hemoglobin. Fetal hemoglobin reaches higher saturation at lower oxygen partial pressure.
Because of cooperativity, adult and fetal oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curves appear as follows.
Beyond its ability to carry oxygen, hemoglobin is also effective as a blood buffer. The general reaction for the blood buffer system of hemoglobin is given below.
H+ + HbO2 ←→ H+Hb + O2
The hemoglobin gene can be the site of catastrophic genetic changes, one of which is the change seen in sickle cell anemia. In this disorder, hemoglobin mutations cause red blood cells to take on a sickled appearance. These cells are less able to flow freely in the blood through tight spaces. Which of the following vessels is most likely to be the site of accumulation of these misshapen cells?
Hemoglobin is the principal oxygen-carrying protein in humans. It exists within erythrocytes, and binds up to four diatomic oxygen molecules simultaneously. Hemoglobin functions to maximize oxygen delivery to tissues, while simultaneously maximizing oxygen absorption in the lungs. Hemoglobin thus has a fundamentally contradictory set of goals. It must at once be opitimized to absorb oxygen, and to offload oxygen. Natural selection has overcome this apparent contradiction by making hemoglobin exquisitely sensitive to conditions in its microenvironment.
One way in which hemoglobin accomplishes its goals is through the phenomenon of cooperativity. Cooperativity refers to the ability of hemoglobin to change its oxygen binding behavior as a function of how many other oxygen atoms are bound to the molecule.
Fetal hemoglobin shows a similar pattern of cooperativity, but has unique binding characteristics relative to adult hemoglobin. Fetal hemoglobin reaches higher saturation at lower oxygen partial pressure.
Because of cooperativity, adult and fetal oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curves appear as follows.
Beyond its ability to carry oxygen, hemoglobin is also effective as a blood buffer. The general reaction for the blood buffer system of hemoglobin is given below.
H+ + HbO2 ←→ H+Hb + O2
The hemoglobin gene can be the site of catastrophic genetic changes, one of which is the change seen in sickle cell anemia. In this disorder, hemoglobin mutations cause red blood cells to take on a sickled appearance. These cells are less able to flow freely in the blood through tight spaces. Which of the following vessels is most likely to be the site of accumulation of these misshapen cells?
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With morphological changes, cells are most likely to be caught in regions with the smallest cross sectional area. Though capiallary beds have the highest TOTAL cross sectional area of any vessel bed in the body, individual capillaries are smaller than any other type of blood vessel. The result is that misshapen red blood cells, such as those in sickle cell anemia, can easily get stuck in capillaries.
With morphological changes, cells are most likely to be caught in regions with the smallest cross sectional area. Though capiallary beds have the highest TOTAL cross sectional area of any vessel bed in the body, individual capillaries are smaller than any other type of blood vessel. The result is that misshapen red blood cells, such as those in sickle cell anemia, can easily get stuck in capillaries.
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Hemoglobin is the principal oxygen-carrying protein in humans. It exists within erythrocytes, and binds up to four diatomic oxygen molecules simultaneously. Hemoglobin functions to maximize oxygen delivery to tissues, while simultaneously maximizing oxygen absorption in the lungs. Hemoglobin thus has a fundamentally contradictory set of goals. It must at once be optimized to absorb oxygen, and to offload oxygen. Natural selection has overcome this apparent contradiction by making hemoglobin exquisitely sensitive to conditions in its microenvironment.
One way in which hemoglobin accomplishes its goals is through the phenomenon of cooperativity. Cooperativity refers to the ability of hemoglobin to change its oxygen binding behavior as a function of how many other oxygen atoms are bound to the molecule.
Fetal hemoglobin shows a similar pattern of cooperativity, but has unique binding characteristics relative to adult hemoglobin. Fetal hemoglobin reaches higher saturation at lower oxygen partial pressure.
Because of cooperativity, adult and fetal oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curves appear as follows.
Beyond its ability to carry oxygen, hemoglobin is also effective as a blood buffer. The general reaction for the blood buffer system of hemoglobin is given below.
H+ + HbO2 ←→ H+Hb + O2
Based on the above graph, which of the following would be expected when oxygen unloads from hemoglobin?
Hemoglobin is the principal oxygen-carrying protein in humans. It exists within erythrocytes, and binds up to four diatomic oxygen molecules simultaneously. Hemoglobin functions to maximize oxygen delivery to tissues, while simultaneously maximizing oxygen absorption in the lungs. Hemoglobin thus has a fundamentally contradictory set of goals. It must at once be optimized to absorb oxygen, and to offload oxygen. Natural selection has overcome this apparent contradiction by making hemoglobin exquisitely sensitive to conditions in its microenvironment.
One way in which hemoglobin accomplishes its goals is through the phenomenon of cooperativity. Cooperativity refers to the ability of hemoglobin to change its oxygen binding behavior as a function of how many other oxygen atoms are bound to the molecule.
Fetal hemoglobin shows a similar pattern of cooperativity, but has unique binding characteristics relative to adult hemoglobin. Fetal hemoglobin reaches higher saturation at lower oxygen partial pressure.
Because of cooperativity, adult and fetal oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curves appear as follows.
Beyond its ability to carry oxygen, hemoglobin is also effective as a blood buffer. The general reaction for the blood buffer system of hemoglobin is given below.
H+ + HbO2 ←→ H+Hb + O2
Based on the above graph, which of the following would be expected when oxygen unloads from hemoglobin?
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The basic idea of cooperativity is that oxygen will bind with lower affinity once an oxygen atom is removed. Once you remove the first oxygen atom, the remaining ones are more likely to come off to supply tissue. This change is instigated by conformational changes in hemoglobin structure when an oxygen is removed.
The basic idea of cooperativity is that oxygen will bind with lower affinity once an oxygen atom is removed. Once you remove the first oxygen atom, the remaining ones are more likely to come off to supply tissue. This change is instigated by conformational changes in hemoglobin structure when an oxygen is removed.
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Which of the following is most likely to decrease oxygen's affinity to hemoglobin in the bloodstream?
Which of the following is most likely to decrease oxygen's affinity to hemoglobin in the bloodstream?
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High levels of carbon dioxide (CO2), low pH, and high temperatures all act to decrease oxygen's affinity toward human hemoglobin. Think of working muscle, which produces hot, acidic, high CO2 conditions in the blood; in this environment, it is important for hemoglobin to release transported oxygen to provide an aerobic environment to the muscle.
High levels of carbon dioxide (CO2), low pH, and high temperatures all act to decrease oxygen's affinity toward human hemoglobin. Think of working muscle, which produces hot, acidic, high CO2 conditions in the blood; in this environment, it is important for hemoglobin to release transported oxygen to provide an aerobic environment to the muscle.
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Which of the following is not a component of blood plasma?
Which of the following is not a component of blood plasma?
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The plasma portion of the blood is the extracellular matrix that suspends the erythrocytes and lymphocytes traveling through circulation. The plasma contains water, proteins (chiefly albumin), electrolytes, and clotting factors (such as thrombin). Whole blood contains the cells, as well as thx extracellular plasma. Blood serum refers to blood plasma that has had the clotting factors removed.
The plasma portion of the blood is the extracellular matrix that suspends the erythrocytes and lymphocytes traveling through circulation. The plasma contains water, proteins (chiefly albumin), electrolytes, and clotting factors (such as thrombin). Whole blood contains the cells, as well as thx extracellular plasma. Blood serum refers to blood plasma that has had the clotting factors removed.
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Which structures contain deoxygenated blood?
Which structures contain deoxygenated blood?
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When blood returns to the heart via the superior and inferior vena cavae, it is deoxygenated. It remains this way as it passes through the right atrium, the right ventricle, and the pulmonary arteries, through which it travels to the lungs to conduct gas exchange with the alveoli. Both the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery contain deoxygenated blood.
All of the other answer choices contain at least one component that carries oxygenated blood.
When blood returns to the heart via the superior and inferior vena cavae, it is deoxygenated. It remains this way as it passes through the right atrium, the right ventricle, and the pulmonary arteries, through which it travels to the lungs to conduct gas exchange with the alveoli. Both the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery contain deoxygenated blood.
All of the other answer choices contain at least one component that carries oxygenated blood.
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The scrotum is responsible for which of the following in the male repoductive system?
The scrotum is responsible for which of the following in the male repoductive system?
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The scrotum is a bag of skin containing the testes. The importance of the scrotum is to regulate temperature because sperm synthesis in the testes must occur at a few degrees below body temperature. The testes are the location of sperm synthesis, androgen synthesis occurs in the interstitial cells, nourishment of the sperm takes place in the seminal vesicles, and lubrication occurs in the bulbourethral glands.
The scrotum is a bag of skin containing the testes. The importance of the scrotum is to regulate temperature because sperm synthesis in the testes must occur at a few degrees below body temperature. The testes are the location of sperm synthesis, androgen synthesis occurs in the interstitial cells, nourishment of the sperm takes place in the seminal vesicles, and lubrication occurs in the bulbourethral glands.
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What is gastrulation?
What is gastrulation?
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Gastrulation is the phase in embryogenesis in which the single-layered blastula is reorganized into a trilaminar structure called the gastrula. These three germ layers are called the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm and give rise to individual organs during organogenesis.
The blastula is implanted into the uterine lining and the morula undergoes rapid cell divisions (cleavage) after fertilization of the zygote.
Gastrulation is the phase in embryogenesis in which the single-layered blastula is reorganized into a trilaminar structure called the gastrula. These three germ layers are called the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm and give rise to individual organs during organogenesis.
The blastula is implanted into the uterine lining and the morula undergoes rapid cell divisions (cleavage) after fertilization of the zygote.
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What is the "common dogma"?
What is the "common dogma"?
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Most cells contain a complete genome, but not all genes are activated in each cell. Activation of particular genes produces appropriate protein function.
Most cells contain a complete genome, but not all genes are activated in each cell. Activation of particular genes produces appropriate protein function.
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When a neuron is unable to produce another action potential no matter how much stimulation is provided, what period is the neuron said to be in?
When a neuron is unable to produce another action potential no matter how much stimulation is provided, what period is the neuron said to be in?
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During the absolute refractory period, no action potential can occur. In the relative refractory period, an action potential can occur with more stimulation than is normally required.
During the absolute refractory period, no action potential can occur. In the relative refractory period, an action potential can occur with more stimulation than is normally required.
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The heart contains autorhythmic cells, which can generate an action potential on their own. These cells then spread the action potential throughout the heart, resulting in a contraction. Which of the following mechanisms is an explanation for why these cells can spontaneously generate action potentials?
The heart contains autorhythmic cells, which can generate an action potential on their own. These cells then spread the action potential throughout the heart, resulting in a contraction. Which of the following mechanisms is an explanation for why these cells can spontaneously generate action potentials?
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Remember that an action potential starts with the diffusion of sodium into the cell. As more sodium enters the cell, more voltage gated sodium channels open up. This leads to depolarization of the cell. With a steady diffusion of sodium into the cell, the threshold stimulus will eventually be attained, and an action potential will be generated. It is the steady diffusion of sodium into the autorhythmic cells which results in an action potential.
Remember that an action potential starts with the diffusion of sodium into the cell. As more sodium enters the cell, more voltage gated sodium channels open up. This leads to depolarization of the cell. With a steady diffusion of sodium into the cell, the threshold stimulus will eventually be attained, and an action potential will be generated. It is the steady diffusion of sodium into the autorhythmic cells which results in an action potential.
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A patient who is unable to modulate his own ventilation and heart rate may be suffering damage to which part of his brain?
A patient who is unable to modulate his own ventilation and heart rate may be suffering damage to which part of his brain?
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The medulla oblongata, a part of the hindbrain, is primarily responsible for the control of ventilation and heart rate. The midbrain serves as a relay station for visual and auditory information. The cerebellum is responsible for balance and coordination. The corpus callosum is a connective tissue between the two hemispheres of the brain and allows for their intercommunication. The temporal lobes are primarily responsible for auditory processing. Therefore, the patient is most likely suffering from a damage to the medulla oblongata.
The medulla oblongata, a part of the hindbrain, is primarily responsible for the control of ventilation and heart rate. The midbrain serves as a relay station for visual and auditory information. The cerebellum is responsible for balance and coordination. The corpus callosum is a connective tissue between the two hemispheres of the brain and allows for their intercommunication. The temporal lobes are primarily responsible for auditory processing. Therefore, the patient is most likely suffering from a damage to the medulla oblongata.
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Which of the following structures is not responsible for transmitting information to the acoustic nerve?
Which of the following structures is not responsible for transmitting information to the acoustic nerve?
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The cochlear and vestibular nerves join to form the auditory nerve. The crista are specialized hair cells that help in postural equilibrium and send information via the vestibular nerve. The incus is one of the three auditory bones (the others include the malleus and the stapes), the motion of which is part of sound reception. This information is transmitted via the cochlear nerve. Finally, the cochlea is the fluid-filled structure of the inner ear that translates movement into vibrations (also involved in sound reception). All of the given structures take part in transmitting information to the acoustic nerve.
The cochlear and vestibular nerves join to form the auditory nerve. The crista are specialized hair cells that help in postural equilibrium and send information via the vestibular nerve. The incus is one of the three auditory bones (the others include the malleus and the stapes), the motion of which is part of sound reception. This information is transmitted via the cochlear nerve. Finally, the cochlea is the fluid-filled structure of the inner ear that translates movement into vibrations (also involved in sound reception). All of the given structures take part in transmitting information to the acoustic nerve.
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Somatosensory neurons are most sensitive to which type(s) of stimulus?
Somatosensory neurons are most sensitive to which type(s) of stimulus?
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Somatosensory neurons are most sensitive to mechanical force, temperature change, and tissue damage. Nociception is the processing of pain signals, which could result from any of these stimuli.
Somatosensory neurons are most sensitive to mechanical force, temperature change, and tissue damage. Nociception is the processing of pain signals, which could result from any of these stimuli.
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