Help with Organic Lipids - Organic Chemistry

The pictured structure represents arachidonic acid due to the 20-carbon carboxylic acid chain with characteristic unsaturated (double) bonds after carbons 5, 8, 11, and 14.

Fatty acids can be labeled numerically from 1-X, or they can be labeled in reverse starting with omega-1 as the terminal carbon.

Oleic acid is a fatty acid consisting of 18 carbon molecules and a single unsaturated (double) bond after carbon 9, as pictured.

A triglyceride consists of three fatty acid chains bound to a glycerol backbone via ester bonds, as shown by the pictured structure.

The reaction described is an esterification in which water is a product—as is characteristic of a condensation reaction—and in which an ester bond is formed to connect the fatty acid chain and the glycerol molecule.

This question is a little bit tricky. At first glance, we would jump to the conclusion that this molecule is a long hydrocarbon chain attached to a carboxylic acid and, therefore, a fatty acid. The premise is correct. However, our conclusion is false because, by convention, a fatty acid must contain a carbon chain of at least 12 carbons. The given formula does not match the description for a steroid or triacylglycerol. The correct answer is none of these.

The primary biological function of a fatty acid is to serve as a medium for the derivation of other important lipids such as waxes, triacylglycerols, phospholipids, and other necessary lipids.

A triacylglycerol is derived from the hydrolysis of glycerols and fatty acids. Triacylglycerols have hydrophobic hydrocarbon tails and hydrophilic heads (amphipathic). The hydrophobic tails dissolve into dirt/grease on the skin while the hydrophilic tails work with running water to suspend and remove the dissolved impurities.

The correct answer is the lipid, wax. Lipids can often be identified based on their structure alone. The general structure of wax is an ester with two long carbon chains on each end of the ester, as seen in this problem. Additionally, fatty acids can be identified simply as long carbon chains with a carboxylic acid on one end, while the general structure of steroids can be seen as four connected hydrocarbon rings.

The molecule's skeletal structure contains two isoprene (2-methylbutyl) units, and therefore the molecule is a monoterpene.

Fatty acids that contain a higher degree of unsaturation (more alkene bonds) will introduce more "kinks" into the hydrocarbon chain. This "kinked" chain does not stack nicely with other fatty acids of its kind and therefore are more likely to slip past each other at lower temperatures. This is primarily due to the van der Waals forces within the unsaturated fatty acids being disrupted with the introduction of double bonds. As a result, unsaturated fatty acids generally have a lower melting point than saturated fatty acids.

This question tests your knowledge of what an unsaturated lipid is, as well as your ability to obtain structural information from IUPAC names.

Firstly, a polyunsaturated lipid is a long carboxylic acid hydrocarbon chain that features multiple unsaturations, or double bonds. Remember from nomenclature that the stem "-en" indicates double bonds, or alkenes, while "-an" indicates alkanes, or fully saturated hydrocarbons. The relevant stems in the answer choices are italicized below:

I. (9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-9,12,15-_trien_oic acid

II. Octadec_an_oic acid

III. (9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-_dien_oic acid

IV. (9Z)-9-Octadec_en_oic acid

As you can see, "trien" and "dien" in I and III indicate these lipids are polyunsaturated, while "an" in II indicates a fully saturated lipid and "en" in IV indicates a monounsaturation. The lipids are drawn below as well, with the alkenes in polyunsaturated lipids circled in red, and the alkene in the monounsaturated lipid circled in green.

The pictured structure represents arachidonic acid due to the 20-carbon carboxylic acid chain with characteristic unsaturated (double) bonds after carbons 5, 8, 11, and 14.

Fatty acids can be labeled numerically from 1-X, or they can be labeled in reverse starting with omega-1 as the terminal carbon.

Oleic acid is a fatty acid consisting of 18 carbon molecules and a single unsaturated (double) bond after carbon 9, as pictured.

A triglyceride consists of three fatty acid chains bound to a glycerol backbone via ester bonds, as shown by the pictured structure.

The reaction described is an esterification in which water is a product—as is characteristic of a condensation reaction—and in which an ester bond is formed to connect the fatty acid chain and the glycerol molecule.

This question is a little bit tricky. At first glance, we would jump to the conclusion that this molecule is a long hydrocarbon chain attached to a carboxylic acid and, therefore, a fatty acid. The premise is correct. However, our conclusion is false because, by convention, a fatty acid must contain a carbon chain of at least 12 carbons. The given formula does not match the description for a steroid or triacylglycerol. The correct answer is none of these.

The primary biological function of a fatty acid is to serve as a medium for the derivation of other important lipids such as waxes, triacylglycerols, phospholipids, and other necessary lipids.